radiation hazards examples

The Ni-63 sources inside an ECD cell produce such low energy beta radiation that they have no external radiation risk, and in fact no radiation above natural background can even be detected outside an ECD cell. NORM can be found everywhere in the natural environment. OSHA and states have authority over these devices. There are many uses for radiation, both in medicine and industry. %PDF-1.2 % Workers should be protected from hazardous sources of light in the workplace to ensure that the eyes and skin of workers are adequately protected from intense sources of light at work that can damage the eyes and skin. Skin burning and reddening (erythema) are less common and are reversible. A Radiation Protection Adviser is not needed when the only work with ionising radiation is specified in Schedule 1 of the Regulations. Also included is information on the radiological control resources avrdable, the hazards and characteristics of radioactive materials present, and suggested methods for detecting these hazards and protecting personnel from them. Electric charges generate an electric field, while a magnetic field occurs around an electric current. NRC and its Agreement States have authority over these devices. Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy through waves or particles in space or a material medium. Many professional societies and other organizations are now conducting large-scale campaigns to reduce unnecessary radiologic imaging and to improve safety by standardizing radiation dosing. Eye and skin protection are essential. Overall, states are given flexibility for implementing Part N consistent with their respective, unique circumstances. Radiation protection sets examples for other safety disciplines in two unique respects: First, there is the assumption that any increased level of radiation above natural background will carry some risk of harm to health. Sun creams should also be used. |05qAgpp8o0/ 8'?0O_m^no>Q;0D7Z8`}&^YZzx}B4~! 2>F$a} iBBD>_bgK[Rnco-AAoF`Q |\;L>?Gs$wYas3:rVNXf9 @U8HW6AL72/`oL-||e9d~|M w8$ @;nBal[i*tVoQP8^jdsGQFAgd9[j5,, See the Control and Prevention page for information about control measures, including shielding and personal protective equipment (PPE), to reduce a worker's radiation dose from exposure to sources of ionizing radiation or prevent contamination. At levels above 1000 Bq/m3, remedial action should be taken within one year. Computer Monitors Computer monitors that contain cathode ray tubes also generate low-level x-rays. A. The principal stochastic hazard is cancer in various forms. Magnetic fields induce circulating currents within the human body. 1. During stone cutting and polishing. Typical rules include enclosing the whole microwave system in a metal surround and using an interlocking device that will not allow the system to operate unless the door is closed. Physical Hazards Include: Radiation: including ionising, nonionizing (EMF's, microwaves, radio waves, etc.). If a person comes near an X-ray machine in use (as in the photo at right) or near radioactive material, the energy from the ionizing radiation may go through the body, but there is no radioactive material either on or inside the body unless the person becomes contaminated. Their main duty is to ensure that work is carried out without hazard to the health of the people involved. Acute exposure can occur during a nuclear accident, while chronic exposure can occur from living near a nuclear power plant or working with radioactive materials. 3:.`V6['#?UfP )(i0$Ipm;I For examples of radon and NORM in the oil and gas industry, see the TENORM section of this page. So if 2,000 people had a chest CT scan, one of them would be expected to develop cancer from the scan. Your email address will not be published. The construction standard for ionizing radiation (29 CFR 1926.53) incorporates by reference the provisions of the general industry standard (29 CFR 1910.1096), in addition to requiring a competent person to perform activities involving the use of radioactive materials or X-rays (see 29 CFR 1926.53(b)). Employers can reduce such hazards by training veterinary workers on appropriate animal handling techniques and proper pain control, sedation, and anesthesia for animals. X-ray industrial radiography devices generally create clear, detailed images that are used, for example, for testing automotive parts or aircraft parts. Physical hazards include exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire. In April 2004, the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) issued its current model state regulations for control of TENORM, or Part N of CRCPD's Suggested State Regulations for Control of Radiation (SSRCR). Indoor areas with high radon concentrations can be successfully remediated by closing holes (e.g., around sump pumps, etc.) Alpha. The number of protons within the atom defines the element for example, hydrogen has 1 proton, and lead has 82 protons. @02c4Q4#C 316#;~n+9h'. The effects of these ionising attacks depend on the following factors: Acute exposure can depend on the dose size, blood cell changes, nausea and vomiting, skin burns and blistering, collapse, and death. Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. This one is used to measure bone density: Analytical x-ray machine, used to analyze the molecular or crystalline structure of materials: X-ray machines only produce ionizing radiation when they are energized. The Ionising Radiations Regulations have set two action levels above which remedial action, such as fitting sumps and extraction fans, has to be taken to lower the radon level in the building. 0000013606 00000 n This principle means that even if it is a small dose, if receiving that dose has no direct benefit, you should try to avoid it. Radiation Hazards in Laboratories R. E. ELLIS St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, E.G. Internal dose is received when a radioactive material enters the body through inhalation (breathing in), ingestion (swallowing), absorption through the skin or an open wound, or injection. The common designations are radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, X-rays and gamma-rays. It is important to understand the risks and benefits of radiation before using it. Other examples of TENORM in manufacturing or processing facilities arise from increased concentrations of NORM materials in filters and the solid sludge if large quantities of water containing naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., Ra-226, Ra-228) are used in some manufacturing processes, such as paper and pulp mills, or from water treatment systems used to supply drinking water. Skin protection is also likely necessary for the hands, arms and neck in the form of gloves, sleeves, and a collar. Beta particles are emitted from the nuclei of some radioactive atoms as they decay. The Radiation Safety Officer is responsible for managing the radiation safety program subject to the approval of the Administrative Panel on Radiological Safety, and is authorized to take whatever steps are necessary to control and mitigate hazards in emergency situations. The radiation protection guidance discussed here should be implemented within a framework of existing OSHA standards, including, as applicable, those for ionizing radiation and personal protective equipment (PPE). The thicker the shield, the more effective it is. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania TENORM study examined naturally occurring radioactivity levels associated with oil and natural gas development in that state, and provides additional information on this topic. External dose occurs when a person works near a radiation source (i.e., unshielded or partially shielded) or with radioactive material that emits radiation in a field that penetrates (goes into or through) the body. x\mOHO{ _j%afr9`nOs:kCf_U $4 ^zaU'~p6;4q/w!O_Gq8Sog7;s/7pJ'Dz .swDaK4I|A:|;n"% The most dangerous form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma, has increased by over 40% over the last ten years, making it cancer with the fastest rising number of cases in the UK. Radiation occurs when energy is emitted from a source and travels through the environment to a destination. Human bodily matter Intense sources of artificial light in the workplace, particularly from UV radiation and powerful lasers, can harm the eyes and skin of workers and need to be properly managed. D 9c!\2CFB@cG@f!1/Q\6h5H$SLaDTFx7B 4^Fl0 ECw For example, a researcher could become contaminated if she or he spills a liquid that contains radioactive material onto her or his body or clothing, such as a lab coat or shoes. 97, Measurement of Radon and Radon Daughters in Air, describes updated measurement techniques appropriate for assessing radon. It involves placing a physical shield, such as a layer of lead, steel and concrete, between the worker and the radioactive source. Beta radiation is used in cancer treatment. Warning lights indicate when the machine is in operation. Chronic exposure can lead to anemia, leukaemia and other forms of cancer. I The hazards from radiation most likely to be encountered by stafTworking in laboratories may be classified as those arising from:-I. These machines are no longer used at U.S. airports, which now use non-ionizing millimeter wave units for passenger security screening. Exposure to ionizing radiation causes chemical damage to body tissues and can be harmful. If you are considering radiation therapy, talk to your doctor about the potential risks and benefits. 1Eq-YfW-E) RC$+FD^'6y^},2H|'L'Lc[6^yM hys[-3YR BKe 0.Hd4Ny@H0'#!@t7 Accelerators are special pieces of equipment used in research and materials analysis; medical therapy; non-invasive security assessment (e.g., inspecting cargo in trucks and shipping containers); and for production of radionuclides for medical, research, and industrial uses. For example, workers may be exposed to TENORM in phosphate fertilizers. This latter treatment usually is only suitable for new buildings but does cost less than 10% of the cost of a sump and has no running costs. The action of non-ionising radiation is to heat cells rather than change their chemical composition. Water treatment facilities may have potential for worker exposure to TENORM from radium scale and sludge contamination in wastes and filters. Worker exposure to ionizing radiation also occurs when industrial processes or human activity modify or technologically enhance'' NORM so that its radioactivity is concentrated (intentionally or unintentionally) to result in a man-made concentration higher than NORM. Examples include, nondestructive . Why do you think radioactive decay is measured in half-lives? OSHA has authority over worker exposures to ionizing radiation from accelerators that are operated to produce only particle beams, such as linear accelerators used for medical treatment. X-rays and Gamma rays are very similar to sunlight in that they are not particles, just electromagnetic waves. Natural radiation comes from many naturally occurring radioactive materials found in soil, water, air and in the body. Direct eye contact must be avoided in classes 3R, 3B and 4. For example, scientists use particle accelerators to study the properties of subatomic particles. A common example is diagnostic x-rays, used, for example, to evaluate a broken bone. Example Uses of Radiation Hazard Scale in Emergency Communication Messages. OSHA's Ionizing Radiation standards protect workers in general industry (29 CFR 1910.1096), construction (29 CFR 1926.53), shipyard employment (29 CFR 1915.57 and, to the extent it applies, 29 CFR 1910.1096), marine terminals (29 CFR 1910.1096, to the extent it applies), and longshoring (29 CFR 1910.1096, to the extent it applies). Medical x-ray machine. Radiation can harm living things but can also be used for beneficial purposes, such as in medical imaging and cancer treatment. There are multiple methods available for determining radon concentrations. Because of the increasing use of special purpose particle accelerators, OSHA issued a Safety and Health Information Bulletin (SHIB) in 2009 to identify exposures to radiation hazards and other hazards (electrical hazards from high-voltage systems, arc-flash/blast hazards, and fires), and to provide information on the safe operation of these devices. The average background radiation in the UK is 2.4 mSv per year. For lasers in the higher class numbers, special eye protection is recommended. endobj Because X-ray industrial radiography devices are large, they are often used in factories. All unsealed radioactive material is a potential internal radiation hazard (e.g. Farm accidents could have been prevented yearly, Read More 11 Farm Safety Tips Understand Hazards & RisksContinue, Are you aware of the potential dangers when working with power tools? ALARA means avoiding exposure to radiation that does not have a direct benefit to you, even if the dose is small. Common electromagnetic fields include work processes such as radiofrequency heating and welding, household electrical wiring and appliances; electrical motors; computer screens; telecommunications; transport and distribution of electricity, broadcasting, and security detection devices. The size of the dose the higher the dose then, the more profound will be the effect; The area or extent of the exposure of the body the effects may be far less severe if only a part of the body (e.g. This extremely low amount of radiation is equivalent to about 1/10th of a chest X-ray. Non-ionizing radiation includes the spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). <> ), physical hazards (noise, radiation, heat, etc. Closed X-ray systems are used, for example, for airport baggage security screening and cargo inspection of trucks crossing international borders. Ionising radiations can also occur naturally the best example is radon, a radioactive gas that occurs mainly at or near granite outcrops where there is a presence of uranium. Smoke detectors, used in most workplaces, also use ionising radiations. 0000000787 00000 n Microwaves and radio frequencies can cause heating of any exposed part of the body, infra-red rays can. In healthcare, lasers may be used as scalpels, probes, or in certain imaging techniques. See the Standards page for more information about OSHA and NRC standards. The output beam may be pulsating or continuous depending on the lasers task. 0000001488 00000 n The amount of radiation youre exposed to during a CT scan varies depending on the type of scan, the machine, and the settings used. With growing concern following the rise in skin cancers, the HSE has suggested the following hierarchy of controls for outdoor working: UV radiation has beneficial effects, such as accumulating vitamin D and strengthening bones. The first action level is 400 Bq/m3 in workplaces and 200 Bq/m3 in domestic properties. As indicated in the above Standard Interpretation letters and a Memorandum, the OSHA Ionizing Radiation Standard requires employers to conduct surveys as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of the standard (29 CFR 1910.1096(d)(1)). You can also text instead of talk whenever possible. Ionising radiation attacks the bodys cells by producing chemical changes in the cell DNA by ionising it (thus producing free radicals), which leads to abnormal cell growth. portability and handling safety (because no harmful radiation is used), Electrical Impedance Tomography exhibits strong potential for use in several academic/industrial areas. Fax: (541) 737-9090, Address: 0000000883 00000 n Dental imaging uses special dental X-ray machines that produce either digital or film images and is typically performed in dental offices. A similar device, known as a radiation dose meter or detector, can be positioned on a shelf in the workplace for three months to measure the mean value of radiation levels. Bring pets inside. Just as with exposure to any toxic chemical, the human body can tolerate exposure to ionizing radiation up to a . This action is called " sheltering in place ." Get to the middle of the building or a basement, away from doors and windows. For more information about health risks from exposure to alpha particles from inhaling (breathing in) radon, see internal exposure on the Exposure Scenarios section of this page. Oregon State University Because of the increase in hydraulic fracturing, more state regulatory agencies are reviewing associated hazards and some states are regulating TENORM (and/or NORM) in the oil and gas industry specifically. By The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Find a Radon Test Kit or Measurement and Mitigation Professional webpage also provides guidance on radon mitigation. Like any form of energy, ionizing radiation can be harmful if a person is exposed to an excessive amount. Radon gas is invisible, odorless, and tasteless. Lasers produce an intense, highly directional beam of light. The first two sections on this page describe two sources of ionizing radiation: naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM). Radiation exposure can occur without direct contact between people and the source of radiation (such as radioactive material or an x-ray machine). This light is highly concentrated and does not diverge or weaken with distance. Temporary reduction in white blood cells. Equipment may become contaminated, such as pipettes, centrifuges, and glassware. 0000001814 00000 n When an individual works near a radiation source or with radioactive material, there is potential for both external and internal radiation dose. Radium (Ra-226 and Ra-228) may occur in water drawn from deep aquifers (groundwater sources). Isotopes such as C-14 and H-3 emit such low energy beta radiation that they can be safely handled without concern to external radiation exposure. It is also known that ionising radiation can have an adverse effect on the function of human reproductive organs and processes. All of these types of radiation are caused by the activity of unstable atoms. The produced portable EIT system is described, and examples of results of its use for pulp suspension flow characterisation are reported and discussed. Radiation is a powerful tool that can be used for both good and bad purposes. Ionizing radiation is also similar to other forms of radiation in that the intensity of the radiation exposure decreases very quickly as you move away from the radiation source. There are a few reasons why radiation therapy might not be effective. alpha particles emitted from the radioactive decay of uranium. Radiation exposure has . Zircon can be ground into fine powder and is commonly applied to ceramics before firing to create a shiny glaze. Similar devices are available to measure radon levels. Cabinet X-ray security systems are used primarily for creating an X-ray image of the inside of objects, without damaging or destroying the object being examined. While sunlight will pass through only a few materials, such as window glass, X-rays and Gamma rays penetrate easily through most materials. TENORM can be the byproduct or waste product of oil and gas production. Workers can be exposed to ionizing radiation when these types of equipment are not maintained or shielded properly. Certain types of radiation, however, can be dangerous, even in small doses. x-rays from an x-ray machine. Beta radiation is a stream of tiny charged particles that can be stopped by a thin layer of plastic, glass, wood, metal and most other common materials. The health effects of ionising radiation may be summarised into two groups somatic results, which refer to cell damage in the person exposed to the radiation dose and genetic influences, which refer to the damage done to any future children of the irradiated person. There are some situations where radiation can be dangerous, such as when someone is exposed to a large amount of radiation all at once (known as acute exposure), or when someone is exposed to lower levels of radiation over a long period (known as chronic exposure). The eyes can be affected by conjunctivitis, which feels like grit in the eye, and is called various names depending on the activity causing the problem. If youre concerned about the amount of radiation your phone emits, there are a few things you can do. Types of ionizing radiation include alpha and beta particles, x-rays, gamma rays, etc. D `.XZ28P.Q'1`bIb " endstream endobj 26 0 obj 3387 endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R /Filter /LZWDecode >> stream Ultraviolet radiation (UV)occurs with sunlight and with electric arc welding. Mild radiation sickness within a few hours: vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue; reduction in resistance to infection. The type and thickness of material needed to make an effective barrier or shield around a source of ionizing radiation varies a great deal depending on the type of ionizing radiation. In 2010, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), in its Publication 115, Lung Cancer Risk from Radon and Progeny and Statement on Radon, increased the lifetime absolute risk coefficient for radon-induced lung cancer, and recommended a more stringent method for the calculation of doses from radon for radiation protection. In larger organizations, the control of radiation hazards is the responsibility of specialists known as health physicists or, sometimes, health chemists. Medical imaging includes many different technologies, of which selected examples are listed below: A portable fluoroscopy machine can be used to guide cardiology, neurology, and other procedures. Examples of non-ionizing radiation include microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light. 3. Examples include: A burning candle emits radiation in the form of heat and light. . But its important to remember that the risk from radiation exposure is cumulative. The output is directly related to the chemical composition of the medium used within the particular laser. This will help to keep the phone away from your head and body. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, Forklifts and Powered Industrial Trucks (PIT). If you have 10 CT scans over your lifetime, your chance of developing cancer from the scans is about 1 in 200. 0000001119 00000 n If significant radiation levels are emitted from a source, operators are required to wear personal dosimeters, such as a film badge, to monitor exposure to the radiation field. When the device is turned it, it produces X-rays; when it is turned off, it does not. To do this, you can use three basic protective measures in radiation safety: time, distance, and . . However, any sealed source, regardless of which isotope is used, has the potential to be a hazard if it leaks, so each source is checked for leakage at least every 6 months (unless the source is in storage). Radiation includes emanation of any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, plus it includes the release of particles. It is particularly prevalent in Devon and Cornwall. . Be careful not to rub eyes, scratch exposed areas of skin, or touch hair. These may contain large neutron sources (50 mCi of Am-241/Be) and gamma sources (10 mCi Cs-137). We are passionate about keeping people safe worldwide. NORM is, by definition, naturally occurring (not man-made and not disturbed as a result of human activities). 3. @ What is the biggest concern with nuclear meltdown and why? A new technology, the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner, may be used for more complex oral (mouth and teeth) and maxillofacial (jaws and face) imaging. The NRC has authority over accelerators that produce radioactive materials, except for incidental accelerator-produced radioactive materials generated by particle accelerators that emit only particle beams and not radioactive materials (see the MOU between OSHA and the NRC). Workers can be exposed to ionizing radiation from radiation-producing machines, such as X-ray equipment. Protection is obtained by applying shielding, time, and distance individually or, more commonly, using a mixture of all three. This information should be readily available in your phones manual or the manufacturers website. Do not eat, drink, smoke, take medicine, or chew gum in areas where radioactive materials are used or stored, radiation areas, high radiation areas, or airborne radioactivity areas. DOE also provides guidance values for fixed and removable surface contamination levels in 10 CFR 835 Appendix D. These guidance values for contamination can be used to determine posting requirements, release requirements, and PPE requirements for contaminated areas and equipment. An impermeable membrane beneath the floor can be laid to prevent the gas from entering the building through the floor. There is very little chance that material will leak under normal operating conditions, so the risk of contamination is very small, and there is very little risk of internal exposure , such as through ingestion of radioactive material. The person appointed, usually, an employee must be competent to supervise the arrangements in place and have received relevant training. <>/Metadata 300 0 R/ViewerPreferences 301 0 R>> 2. Emergency response workers involved in a catastrophic radiological emergency might be exposed to different radiation hazards than other workers. X-ray equipment for security purposes is used to check the contents of baggage, parcels, vehicles, cargo, and other items at airports, border crossings, seaports, postal facilities, building entries, public events, and parking facilities, among other places. Radiation is all around us, but it is not always dangerous. The Radiation Protection Adviser is often an employee of a national organisation with expertise in ionising radiation. . Nonetheless, absorption of ionizing radiation energy by body tissues causes changes to the chemical makeup of living cells. [0kp"YP n*^vCE][!C4Q wD=D[FPH^m-N>!D%B}jlV*"sQtjlX[bqa Standing in an X-ray field is one example of external exposure. Other X-ray systems, such as backscatter X-ray systems that use very low levels of X-rays, are used for security screening of people (e.g., at some prisons, for entry into some public buildings). <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds. External exposure to radiation sources, machines containing radiation sources, or radioactive materials is minimized once the source or material is appropriately shielded or once the person leaves the radiation field. X-rays are used extensively in hospitals, but they are also used in the industry for non-destructive testing (e.g. Note that a worker can be exposed to an external radiation field and receive an external dose without directly coming into contact and being contaminated with the radioactive material. Some people are more sensitive to radiation than others, such as pregnant women, children, and people with certain medical conditions. X-rays and Gamma rays are very similar to sunlight in that they are not particles, just electromagnetic waves. 0000006360 00000 n Ionising radiation is emitted from radioactive materials, either directly ionising alpha and beta particles or indirectly ionising X-rays, gamma rays, or neutrons. In contrast, self-directed evacuation in fallout areas can place a person at Category 4 or 5. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that all cell phones sold in the U.S. have a SAR level of 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg) or less. They are also extensively used in surgery for cataract treatment and the sealing of blood vessels. Workers who clean or change filters or handle sludge may be exposed to these increased concentrations. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides additional information about the differences between radiation exposure and radioactive contamination on its Contamination vs. For more information on controlling ionizing radiation hazards and preventing dose, see the Control & Prevention page. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulates miners' exposure to ionizing radiation from short-lived decay products (daughters) of radon gas and gamma radiation from radioactive ores in underground metal and nonmetal mines (30 CFR 57.5037-57.5047). These are more hazardous than classes 1 and 2; a laser safety officer appointment is recommended. 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