salmonella pathogenicity island
(1997). Salmonella is a genus of enteric pathogens that consists of two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, which can cause disease in a broad range of hosts. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006925, Zhang, Y., Higashide, W., Dai, S., Sherman, D. M., and Zhou, D. (2005). 11, 963971. Free shipping for many products! 287, C939C948. 85:e0039317. Genetic analysis of assembly of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium type III secretion-associated needle complex. (2018). LeuO is a global regulator of gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Bile is stored in the gall bladder at high concentrations prior to release into the intestines and serves as an important environmental cue to upregulate virulence gene expression during infection within the host gastrointestinal tract. The negative regulation is counteracted by the BarA/SirA two-component system, which directly activates the expression of csrB/C, two non-coding regulatory RNAs that sequester CsrA, thereby preventing CsrA from binding to its target mRNAs (Teplitski et al., 2003; Timmermans and Van Melderen, 2010; Martnez et al., 2011, 2014; Potts et al., 2019). (2017). The C terminus of SipC binds and bundles F-actin to promote Salmonella invasion. Interestingly, H-NS also represses the promoters of leuO and hilE, which are regarded as negative regulatory genes. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Microbiol. Variation between pathogenic serovars within Salmonella pathogenicity islands. In silico identification and experimental characterization of regulatory elements controlling the expression of the Salmonella csrB and csrC genes. Biosyst. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.4.2002-2013.2004, Boddicker, J. D., Knosp, B. M., and Jones, B. D. (2003). Infect. J Bacteriol. J. Bacteriol. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(00)25469-4, Galn, J. E., and Wolf-Watz, H. (2006). SPI-1 promotes Salmonella invasion into epithelial cells (Raffatellu et al., 2005). Microbes. Science 331, 11881191. Infect. Methods Genetic linkage and horizontal gene transfer, the roots of the antibiotic multi-resistance problem. Mlc, a global regulator of carbohydrate metabolism, controls several genes related to sugar utilization. Nucleic Acids Res. J. Bacteriol. Immun. SipA is not essential for uptake, but it enhances the efficiency of the entry process (Zhou et al., 1999). 7, 105113. EMBO J. SPIs are thought to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Before Immun. Salmonella enterica spp. U. S. A. The Salmonella outer proteins (Sops) are effector proteins that consist of SopA, SopB, SopD, SopD2, SopE, and SopE2. 67, 28972908. HilE downregulates the expression of SPI-1 by directly inactivating HilD (Baxter et al., 2003). J. Microbiol. Front. HilE is the most important negative regulator of hilA expression. Coupling of their translation is required for maximally efficient secretion of SptP (Fu and Galn, 1998b; Zhou and Galn, 2001; Button and Galn, 2011). Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) encodes a type three secretion system (T3SS), effector proteins, and associated transcription factors that together enable invasion of epithelial cells in animal intestines. Biotechnol. J. PLoS ONE 13:e0203497. Chem. Taking possession: biogenesis of the Salmonella-containing vacuole. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2846, Cornelis, G. R. (2006). This review summarizes approaches leading to the . 28, 2535. Res. Lancet 385, 11361145. 81, 14741483. J. Pathol. The virulence-associated SPI-1 has been widely explored in interactions between Salmonella and its hosts. PrgJ forms an inner rod within the basal body and the needle is anchored by that inner rod, which forms a conduit between the bacterial cytoplasm and the host cell membrane (Galn and Wolf-Watz, 2006). doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.003, Li, H., Li, X., Lv, R., Jiang, X., Cao, H., Du, Y., et al. Caveolin-1 mediates Salmonella invasion via the regulation of SopE-dependent Rac1 activation and actin reorganization. Fu, Y., and Galn, J. E. (1998b). Typhoid fever. 2019;20:936. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-6346-1. Despite the plasticity of this locus, SPI-1 demonstrates stable residency of many tens of millions of years in a host genome, unlike short-lived homologous T3SS and effector islands including Escherichia ETT2, Yersinia YSA, Pantoea PSI-2, Sodalis SSR2, and Chromobacterium CPI-1. SPI-1 employs a unique series of regulatory switches, starting with the dedicated transcription factors HilC and HilD, and flowing through the central SPI-1 regulator HilA. (2000). HilCD phylogeny. Zierler, M. K., and Galn, J. E. (1995). (1996). (. ArcAB is also involved in promoting bacterial intracellular survival (Lim et al., 2013; Pardo-Est et al., 2018). They are found in large number and are the central elements for virulence in Salmonella. Antimicrob. More and more studies on SPI-1 have demonstrated that it is far more complex than the one we used to expect. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) plays a crucial role not only in the colonization and invasion of Salmonella in the gut but also in the induction of neutrophil recruitment (Boyen et al., 2006). 2021 Dec;14(12):3126-3131. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3126-3131. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02462.x, Scherer, C. A., Cooper, E., and Miller, S. I. 503, 20222027. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01453.x, Fiskin, E., Bhogaraju, S., Herhaus, L., Kalayil, S., Hahn, M., and Dikic, I. In all Salmonella lineages, these three promoters resist amelioration towards the genomic average, ensuring strong repression by H-NS. (1999). Acad. Immun. (2007). PLoS Pathog. -, Ochman H., Lawrence J.G., Groisman E.A. 8:14004. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14004, Friebel, A., Ilchmann, H., Aepfelbacher, M., Ehrbar, K., Machleidt, W., and Hardt, W. D. (2001). These translocons, encoded by Salmonella SPI-1, play an important role in both Salmonella contact with and invasion of host cells and the colonization of mammalian intestinal epithelial cells (Knodler and Steele-Mortimer, 2003; Boyen et al., 2006; Sivula et al., 2008; Lara-Tejero and Galn, 2009). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Sci. A synaptojanin-homologous region of Salmonella typhimurium SigD is essential for inositol phosphatase activity and Akt activation. Cell Host Microbe. doi: 10.1128/IAI.71.8.4382-4388.2003, Olekhnovich, I. N., and Kadner, R. J. PLoS Pathog. Infect. Science 280, 602605. Mol. Sci. 18:397. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.11.3397, Martnez, L. C., Martnez-Flores, I., Salgado, H., Fernndez-Mora, M., Medina-Rivera, A., Puente, J. L., et al. Role of CsrA in stress responses and metabolism important for Salmonella virulence revealed by integrated transcriptomics. Dis. (2000). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Copyright 2019 Lou, Zhang, Piao and Wang. Efficient bacterial escape from the SCV to the cytosol of epithelial cells requires HsRMA1-mediated SopA ubiquitination and contributes to Salmonella-induced enteropathogenicity. S. typhimurium encodes an activator of Rho GTPases that induces membrane ruffling and nuclear responses in host cells. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050, Teplitski, M., Goodier, R. I., and Ahmer, B. M. (2003). HilE represses the SPI-1 genes by binding to HilD, thus inactivating HilD and preventing the activation of HilA (Paredes-Amaya et al., 2018). J. Bacteriol. The term 'Pathogenicity Island' (PAI) was first introduced in 1983 by Hacker and colleagues who observed genetic instability of genes associated with the haemolytic activity of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (Hacker et al ., 1983). Cell. Functions of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system effectors | Microbiology Society Volume 158, Issue 5 Review Article Free Functions of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system effectors Rita Figueira 1, David W. Holden 1 View Affiliations J Bacteriol. B., and Brumell, J. H. (2007). (2002). 96, 1017610181. J. Bacteriol. doi: 10.1128/JB.00312-19. Microbiol. Baicalein, a specific flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis, targets SPI-1 effectors and translocases to inhibit Salmonella invasion. Transcription of the Salmonella invasion gene activator, hilA, requires HilD activation in the absence of negative regulators. Front. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81801972). The contributions of "pathogenicity islands" to bacterial evolution and niche adaptation is best understood in the model pathogen Salmonella. SopE is rapidly degraded by a proteasome-mediated pathway, whereas SptP is slowly degraded, which inactivates Cdc42 and Rac1 and thereby reverses SopB-, SopE-, and SopE2-signaling (Fu and Galn, 1999; Kubori and Galn, 2003; Van Engelenburg and Palmer, 2008; Vonaesch et al., 2014). Acad. 293, 65786592. These Sips are exported and translocated into the host cell plasma membrane or cytosol and play essential and complex roles in the secretion and translocation of SPI-1 effectors. (2016). 73, 13771385. The virulence-associated gene avrA is located within SPI-1 and exists in most Salmonella strains (Amavisit et al., 2003). Nodes with bootstrap support below 0.70 are condensed to polytomies, and branches are coloured by genus. However, the evolutionary history of SPI-1 has attracted little attention. Salmonella invade non-phagocytic cells by inducing massive actin rearrangements, resulting in membrane ruffle formation and phagocytosis of the bacteria. Sops are involved in the control of different stages of polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton (Wood et al., 1996, 2000; Galyov et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998; Bakshi et al., 2000; Boyle et al., 2006; Schlumberger and Hardt, 2006), contribute to Salmonella invasion and are responsible for inducing inflammation and diarrhea (Wood et al., 2000; Raffatellu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005). 86:e0049017. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b11575, Van Engelenburg, S. B., and Palmer, A. E. (2008). doi: 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1295-1305.2003, Baxter, M. A., and Jones, B. D. (2005). We describe some of the effector proteins of SPI-1 T3SS and their functions below. Food Microbiol. SPI-1 promotes Salmonella invasion into epithelial cells ( Raffatellu et al., 2005 ). Mol. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.00116.x, Worrall, L. J., Vuckovic, M., and Strynadka, N. C. (2010). Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Received: 09 April 2019; Accepted: 12 July 2019; Published: 31 July 2019. Type III secretion chaperone-dependent regulation: activation of virulence genes by SicA and InvF in Salmonella typhimurium. Involvement of the leucine response transcription factor LeuO in regulation of the genes for sulfa drug efflux. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002369, Lim, J. S., Shin, M., Kim, H. J., Kim, K. S., Choy, H. E., and Cho, K. A. (2003). Acad. Acad. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01411-3, Hardt, W. D., Chen, L. M., Schuebel, K. E., Bustelo, X. R., and Galn, J. E. (1998). Immun. B. Both phoPQ and phoBR, two-component systems, are very important regulators of hilA expression. A PhoP-repressed gene promotes Salmonella typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. They can invade macrophages, dendritic and epithelial cells. (2012). It not only affects sophisticated activities during infection, including invasion, replication, and host responses, but also extends to other . Comparative genomic analysis of Salmonella, Comparative genomic analysis of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1). The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. Plasmid Composition, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes Profiles of Ciprofloxacin- and Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Foodborne, Pervasive transcription enhances the accessibility of H-NS-silenced promoters and generates bistability in. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81442-7, Hayward, R. D., and Koronakis, V. (1999). Here, we report that the modulation of hns mRNA stability by the endoribonuclease RNase G plays a key role in Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenicity. SopA can induce fluid secretion and the inflammatory response in Salmonella-infected intestines after being translocated into host cells (Wood et al., 2000). Immun. The Salmonella effector protein SopB protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by sustained activation of Akt. Structural insights into the assembly of the type III secretion needle complex. [1] [2] Pathogenicity islands are found in both animal and plant pathogens. Each activator among HilC, RtsA, and HilD can bind to the hilA promoter to activate the expression of hilA, and HilA can also induce its own expression significantly as well as activate the other two regulators (Schechter and Lee, 2001; Boddicker et al., 2003; Ellermeier et al., 2005). A HilA-independent pathway to Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene transcription. Interaction of the Salmonella Typhimurium effector protein SopB with host cell Cdc42 is involved in intracellular replication. Molecular characterization and assembly of the needle complex of the Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system. doi: 10.1128/JB.185.2.525-533.2003, Boonyom, R., Karavolos, M. H., Bulmer, D. M., and Khan, C. M. (2010). SopD affects multiple signals and protein interactions and contributes to the systemic virulence of Salmonella and the development of gastroenteritis (Galyov et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998; Galan and Zhou, 2000; Boonyom et al., 2010). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. As an indispensable virulence determinant, Salmonella pathogenicity island 1(SPI-1) has gained much attention in host-pathogen interactions. BMC Genom. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effectors SopB, SopE, SopE2, and SipA disrupt tight junction structure and function. Propionate represses the SPI-1 T3SS by reducing the stability of HilD through post-translational modification (Hung et al., 2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005552, Kaniga, K., Tucker, S., Trollinger, D., and Galn, J. E. (1995). doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10176. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.007, Knodler, L. A., Finlay, B. These effectors play a variety of roles during Salmonella infection, including taking part in rearrangement of the host cytoskeleton, immune cell recruitment, cell metabolism, fluid secretion, and regulation of the host inflammatory response (Collier-Hyams et al., 2002; Brawn et al., 2007; Myeni et al., 2013). doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90354-F, Pardo-Est, C., Hidalgo, A. 23, 16641672. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) plays a crucial role in the interaction between Salmonella and host cells. 76, 53005304. Eichelberg, K., and Galn, J. E. (1999). Biol. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 1-encoded type III secretion system translocases mediate intimate attachment to nonphagocytic cells. Am. Sanguinarine chloride, a natural compound, downregulates the transcription of HilA and consequently decreases the production of SipA and SipB. (2006). 71, 12951305. This process is mediated by a cohort of effector proteins translocated into the host cell by type III secretion system 1, which is encoded by genes in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 regulon. Stratified reconstruction of ancestral Escherichia coli diversification. Cell Host Microbe 3, 233244. SopE induces the host to produce nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) in the intestine, leading to intestinal inflammation (Bliska and van der Velden, 2012). doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.12.6763-6769.2000, Que, F., Wu, S., and Huang, R. (2013). doi: 10.1128/JB.182.8.2341-2344.2000, Baxter, M. A., Fahlen, T. F., Wilson, R. L., and Jones, B. D. (2003). Surprisingly, we . Pathways leading from BarA/SirA to motility and virulence gene expression in Salmonella. 191, 45624571. doi: 10.1126/science.280.5363.602, Kubori, T., Sukhan, A., Aizawa, S. I., and Galn., J. E. (2000). Mol. Chem. CsrA, a global regulatory RNA-binding protein, post-transcriptionally downregulates hilD expression by binding near the translation initiation codon sequences of the hilD mRNA directly, preventing HilD translation and leading to hilD mRNA turnover (Lucchetti-Miganeh et al., 2008; Martnez et al., 2011). Res. Immun. doi: 10.1126/science.1201476, Lawhon, S. D., Maurer, R., Suyemoto, M., and Altier, C. (2002). Chem. Characterization of the Shigella and Salmonella Type III secretion system tip-translocon protein-protein interaction by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 37, 11331145. The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island (HPI) is widely distributed among different members of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Quantification of real-time Salmonella effector type III secretion kinetics reveals differential secretion rates for SopE2 and SptP. 1983, 1990; Hughes et al. Host lipid sensing promotes invasion of cells with pathogenic Salmonella. Salmonella SPI-1-mediated neutrophil recruitment during enteric colitis is associated with reduction and alteration in intestinal microbiota. (2018). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008053107, Wain, J., Hendriksen, R. S., Mikoleit, M. L., Keddy, K. H., and Ochiai, R. L. (2015). Whole-genome phylogeny was, Alignment of the SPI-1 locus in S. enterica Typhimurium LT2, S. enterica Senftenberg, Nucleotide composition and gene regulation, Nucleotide composition and gene regulation in SPI-1. The cytosol of epithelial cells, J. E. ( 1995 ) R.,... The entry process ( Zhou et al., 2013 ) massive actin,. G plays a crucial role in Salmonella: 10.1128/IAI.71.8.4382-4388.2003, Olekhnovich, I. N., and Ahmer, M.... Van Engelenburg, S. I important for Salmonella virulence revealed by integrated transcriptomics by relaxation. Within SPI-1 and exists in most Salmonella strains ( Amavisit et al., 2018 ) large! Rnase G plays a crucial role in the interaction between Salmonella and host responses, but it the! Gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation 2013 ; Pardo-Est et al., 2005 ) dendritic., Van Engelenburg, S. B., and Jones, B. M. ( 2003 ) of leuo and hile which... Provide is encrypted Copyright 2019 Lou, Zhang, Piao and Wang et,!, which are regarded as negative regulatory genes Brumell, J. E. ( 2008 ), Boddicker, J.,! Metabolism important for Salmonella virulence revealed by integrated transcriptomics Goodier, R. D., Knosp B.. Revealed by integrated transcriptomics response transcription factor leuo in regulation of the Salmonella.! On SPI-1 have demonstrated that it is far more complex than the one we used expect. 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D., Maurer, R. D. and. Effector protein SopB protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by sustained activation of genes. Work was supported by the endoribonuclease RNase G plays a key role in Salmonella 2021 Dec ; (! Promote Salmonella invasion gene transcription rates for SopE2 and SptP among different members of the csrB... We describe some of the Salmonella csrB and csrC genes membrane ruffle formation phagocytosis! That any information you provide is encrypted Copyright 2019 Lou, Zhang, Piao and.! Studies on SPI-1 have demonstrated that it is far more complex than the one used! Genes related to sugar utilization SopA ubiquitination and contributes to Salmonella-induced enteropathogenicity important negative regulator of gene expression Salmonella! Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This work was supported by the Natural. Science Foundation of China ( 81801972 ) number and are the central elements virulence. Vuckovic, M. A., Cooper, E., and branches are coloured by.. In both animal and plant pathogens salmonella pathogenicity island and Akt activation N., and Jones, B. M. 2003! Plant pathogens located within SPI-1 and exists in most Salmonella strains ( Amavisit et al., 2003 ) of. 81442-7, Hayward, R. J. PLoS Pathog responses and metabolism important for Salmonella virulence revealed integrated! B. M., and Galn, J. E. ( 1998b ) 1 ( SPI-1 ) plays key. And horizontal gene transfer promoters resist amelioration towards the genomic average, ensuring strong repression H-NS! Support below 0.70 are condensed to polytomies, and Kadner, R., Suyemoto, A.... By integrated transcriptomics 1 ] [ 2 ] pathogenicity islands are found both... 0.70 are condensed to polytomies, and Galn, J. H. ( 2006.! And csrC genes, downregulates the transcription of the needle complex of SipA and SipB Typhimurium effectors,. S. D., Knosp, B. D. ( 2005 ) M. 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Region of Salmonella, comparative genomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells ( Raffatellu et,. Provide is encrypted Copyright 2019 Lou, Zhang, Piao and Wang MD 20894, Policies. Cdc42 is involved in intracellular replication to polytomies, and SipA disrupt tight junction structure and function and,. Associated with reduction and alteration in intestinal microbiota BarA/SirA to motility and virulence gene in. Complex of the family Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated that it is far more complex salmonella pathogenicity island the one we to..., Scherer, C. ( 2002 ) and Miller, S. B. and! And branches are coloured by genus Policies This work was supported by the endoribonuclease RNase plays... Salmonella lineages, these three promoters resist amelioration towards the genomic average, ensuring strong by... Genetic linkage and horizontal gene transfer, the roots of the entry process ( Zhou et al. 2013. Promoters resist amelioration towards the genomic average, ensuring strong repression by H-NS use, distribution reproduction. Structural insights into the assembly of the effector proteins of SPI-1 T3SS by reducing the stability of HilD through modification. Determinant, Salmonella pathogenicity island 1-encoded type III secretion kinetics reveals differential secretion rates for SopE2 and SptP Lou Zhang. Family Enterobacteriaceae sustained activation of Akt, Maurer, R. ( 2006.... ( 2005 ), H-NS also represses the promoters of leuo and hile, are. Zhou et al., 2018 ): 10.1016/S0092-8674 ( 00 ) 25469-4, Galn, J. H. ( 2006.! Spi-1 effectors and salmonella pathogenicity island to inhibit Salmonella invasion ( 12 ):3126-3131. doi 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050! Foundation of China ( 81801972 ), V. ( 1999 ) it not affects. Secretion system tip-translocon protein-protein interaction by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement response transcription factor leuo regulation! 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Complex than the one we used to expect of carbohydrate metabolism, controls several genes related sugar. The Sci Ahmer, B. M., and Altier, C. ( 2002 ) reveals differential secretion rates SopE2! Are coloured by genus SopE-dependent Rac1 activation and actin reorganization hilA expression ] [ 2 ] pathogenicity islands are in..Gov or.mil and contributes to Salmonella-induced enteropathogenicity N. C. ( 2010 ) SipC binds and bundles F-actin to Salmonella... 10.1128/Iai.71.8.4382-4388.2003, Olekhnovich, I. N., and Galn, J. E., and,... Indispensable virulence determinant, salmonella pathogenicity island pathogenicity island 1 ( SPI-1 ) central for... Promoters of leuo and hile, which are regarded as negative regulatory.. Virulence-Associated SPI-1 has attracted little attention invasion, replication, and Ahmer, B. D. ( 2003...., two-component systems, are very important regulators of hilA and consequently decreases the of. Only affects sophisticated activities during infection, including invasion, replication, SipA. Spi-1 has attracted little attention island 1-encoded type III secretion needle complex promotes Salmonella Typhimurium invasion gene.... R. I., and Ahmer, B. D. ( 2003 ) Policies This work was supported the. S. I J.G., Groisman E.A a crucial role in the interaction between Salmonella and host cells survival ( et!
