In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, a multitude of scientific institutions, and world-renowned technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum. Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools[116] and eight outdoor swimming pools,[117] which are operated by the Munich City Utilities (SWM) communal company. [149][150] Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics; the Munich Massacre took place in the Olympic village. Biergrten (beer gardens) are popular fixtures of Munich's gastronomic landscape. ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and the city's prosperity often causes an abundance of obstructive construction sites. The grand building projects of Ludwig I got Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria". Munich is a densely-built city but has numerous public parks. [citation needed], Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the New German Cinema movement, including Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Werner Herzog, Edgar Reitz and Herbert Achternbusch. Wie die Pest die Mnchner dahinraffte - Sddeutsche Zeitung (12. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. 815 in Frttmanning.[27]. A monk is also depicted on the city's coat of arms. Munich Weisswurst ("white sausage", German: Mnchner Weiwurst) was invented here in 1857. After World War II the Residenze, the Hofbruhaus, the Frauenkirche, and the Peterskirche were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the Nazi Party seized power in 1933. [128], May, August, and October, Mariahilfplatz:[125] Auer Dult is Europe's largest jumble sale, with fairs of its kind dating back to the 14th century. After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as Wolfgang Koeppen, Erich Kstner, Eugen Roth, Alfred Andersch, Elfriede Jelinek, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Michael Ende, Franz Xaver Kroetz, Gerhard Polt and Patrick Sskind calling the city their home. ISBN 978-3-86520-447-9. Munich is a major international cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlando di Lasso, W.A. The name of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the Old/Middle High German form Munichen, meaning "by the monks". For a short while, Vladimir Lenin lived in Schwabing, where he wrote and published his most important work, What Is to Be Done? In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universitt Mnchen (TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Lnder). [42], The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich, such as Giesinger Bru. [6] Once Bavaria was established as a sovereign kingdom in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. Hitler called the shotlived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews". Nockherberg, Hofbrukeller (not to be confused with the Hofbruhaus) and Lwenbrukeller are other beer gardens. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and journeymen a brewery could employ. Many of Valentin's works wouldn't be imaginable without his congenial female partner Liesl Karlstadt, who often played male characters to hilarious effect in their sketches. 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[54] Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas, Otto Eckmann,[55] Margarethe von Brauchitsch, August Endell, Hermann Obrist, Wilhelm von Debschitz,[56] and Richard Riemerschmid. The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the river bed and is part of Munich's flood protection. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 Battle of Stalingrad members of the group stenciled slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. Munich has a much stronger left-wing tradition than the rest of the state, which has been dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. [91][92], In Munich, the general trend of global warming with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. [29][30][31], 14 June 1158, is considered the official 'founding day' of the city of Munich, not the date when it was first settled. The experimental game was invented in Munich in the 1970s and has since spread to other countries like Egypt and China. [143] In particular, the area around Mllerstrae and Hans-Sachs-Strae was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. [132], September and October, Theresienwiese:[125] The largest beer festival in the world, Munich's Oktoberfest runs for 1618 days from the end of September through early October. US troops liberated Munich on April 30, 1945. [86], On the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks an active shooter perpetrated hate crime. Henry wanted to control the toll bridge and its income for himself, so he destroyed the bridge and customs house in 1156. [70] By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported. Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch. [125] According to the festival's website, Tollwood's goal is to promote culture and the environment, with the main themes of "tolerance, internationality, and openness". Munich is also one of the most attractive business locations in Germany. By Kppen classification templates and updated data the climate is oceanic (Cfb), independent of the isotherm but with some humid continental (Dfb) features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover. Since 1955, Belgian Shoes has been a timeless classic. [68], The Munich-Riem Airport was completed in October 1939, in the area of Riem. Siedler, Mnchen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8275-0080-9. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. [citation needed], The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Henry wanted to expand his power in Bavaria by gaining control of the lucrative salt trade, which the Catholic Church in Freising had under its control. Another important museum in the Kunstareal is the Egyptian Museum. Major displays include Albrecht Drer's Christ-like Self-Portrait (1500), his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings The Canigiani Holy Family and Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens large Judgment Day. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the Friedensengel monument, then passing the Villa Stuck and Hitler's old apartment. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand. ): Mnchen und seine Bauten. 3658. [20][21] [143][145] The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Thomas Mann wrote in his novella Gladius Dei about this period: "Mnchen leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). 4 June 2013. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and was one of the host cities of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. [126] Starkbierfest is also known as the fifth season, and is celebrated in beer halls and restaurants around the city. The Bavarian dialects are spoken in and around Munich, with its variety West Middle Bavarian or Old Bavarian (Westmittelbairisch / Altbairisch). Traditionally a ball for Munich's domestic servants, cooks, nannies, and other household staff, Kocherlball, or cooks ball was a chance for the lower classes to take the morning off and dance together before the families of their households woke up. A modern bike hire system is available within the area bounded by the Mittlerer Ring. [67], The city was the site where the 1938 Munich Agreement signed between Britain and France with Nazi Germany as part of the Franco-British policy of appeasement. A landmark of modern Munich is also the architecture of the sport stadiums (as described below). 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